Nomenclature
Scientific Name:
Lycopodiella serpentina (Kunze) B.Øllg., Opera Bot. 92: 176 (1987)
Synonymy:
  • Lycopodium serpentinum Kunze in Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 2, 108 (1846)
  • Pseudolycopodiella serpentina (Kunze) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 442 (1983)
  • Brownseya serpentina (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, L.D.Sheph., D.K.Chen, X.M.Zhou & H.He in Chen et al., Taxon 00: 17 (online) (2021)
Lectotype (selected by Brownsey et al. 2018): Albany, Plantagenet, [Western Australia], Oct. 1840, Herb. Preiss No. 1881, P 01219525! (see Øllgaard 1989)
  • = Lycopodium drummondii Spring, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique 24: 35 (1849)
  • Lepidotis drummondii (Spring) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 66 (1944)
Lectotype (selected by Brownsey et al. 2018): New Zealand, Colenso, K 001094155!
Etymology:
From the Latin serpentinus (snake-like), a reference to the flexuous and prostrate horizontal stem of this species.
Vernacular Name(s):
bog clubmoss
 Description

Horizontal stems dichotomously branching, prostrate and appressed to surface, rooting at intervals 8–30 mm apart, 1–2 mm diameter; leaves imbricate, ascending, linear to narrowly triangular, adnate. Aerial stems erect, unbranched, glabrous; longest fertile stems 15–140 mm tall (including strobili). Sterile leaves monomorphic, spirally arranged, appressed or spreading, linear to narrowly triangular, apices acuminate, margins entire but minutely ciliate at apex, bases adnate, 2.5–5.0 mm long, 0.4–1.0 mm wide, dull green or rarely tinged orange. Sporophylls appressed when young, spreading at maturity, narrowly ovate to ovate, apices acuminate, margins ciliate, bases adnate or subpeltate, 2.5–4.0 mm long, 1.0–1.8 mm wide, aggregated into strobili. Strobili solitary, terminal on branches, erect, sessile, yellow-green, 6–95 mm long, 5–8 mm wide.

 Recognition

Lycopodiella serpentina is distinguished by its appressed, prostrate, horizontal stems that root at intervals, and its unbranched aerial stems that terminate in solitary, unbranched strobili. The sterile leaves are also distinctive in having an ascending habit on the horizontal stems, but appressed or spreading on the aerial stems.

 Distribution

North Island: Northland, Auckland.

Altitudinal range:  0–300 m.

Lycopodiella serpentina occurs only in a few lowland sites near Kaitāia and again in lowland peat bogs between Thames and Hamilton. There is a poorly documented record from the “Te Paki Ecological Region and District” in the Colenso Herbarium (AK 1016), which has not been mapped. There is suitable habitat for the species in the area, but it has not been recorded since Colenso’s collection, and its presence is unconfirmed and imprecisely located.

Also Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania) and New Caledonia.

 Habitat

Lycopodiella serpentina grows firmly appressed to the ground in boggy areas, on peat, in poorly drained paddock, in gumland, and on sandy soils, often with Sphagnum and Empodisma or under stunted mānuka or Gleichenia.

 Biostatus
Indigenous (Non-endemic)

Lycopodiella serpentina was given a conservation status of Nationally Vulnerable by de Lange et al. (2018).

 Notes

The name Lycopodium carolinianum L. used in 19th century New Zealand Flora treatments is a misidentification of Lycopodiella serpentina.

Øllgaard (1987) included both Lycopodiella serpentina and L. caroliniana within section Caroliniana (= Pseudolycopodiella Holub). However, Burnard et al. (2016) did not recover these two species as a clade, suggesting that some of the distinguishing morphological characters must be homoplastic within Lycopodiella, and that the current classification needs revision.

 Bibliography
Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. 2020: Lycopodiaceae. In: Breitwieser, I.; Wilton, A.D. (ed.) Flora of New Zealand — Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle 27. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln.
Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R.; Field, A.R. 2018: Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand flora: lectotypes in Isoetaceae and Lycopodiaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 56(4): 396–405.
Brownsey, P.J.; Smith-Dodsworth, J.C. 2000: New Zealand ferns and allied plants. Edition 2. David Bateman, Auckland.
Burnard, D.; Shepherd, L.; Perrie, L.; Munkacsi, A. 2016: Phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand Lycopodiaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 661–667.
Chen, D.-K.; Zhou, X.-M.; Rothfels, C.J.; Shepherd,L.D.; Knapp, R.; Zhang, L.; Thi Lu, N.; Fan, X.-P.; Wan, X.; Gao, X.-F.; He, H.; Zhang, L.-B. 2021: A global phylogeny of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodiales; lycophytes) with the description of a new genus, Brownseya, from Oceania. Taxon 00(00): 1–27 (online).
de Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Hitchmough, R.; Townsend, A.J. 2009: Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision). New Zealand Journal of Botany 47: 61–96. [Nationally Vulnerable]
de Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A.; Heenan, P.B.; Courtney, S.P.; Molloy, B.P.J.; Ogle, C.C.; Rance, B.D. 2004: Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42(1): 45–76.
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.N.; Ford, K.A.; Breitwieser, I.; Schönberger, I.; Hindmarsh-Walls, R.; Heenan, P.B.; Ladley, K. 2018: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series. No. 22. [Nationally Vulnerable]
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Champion, P.D.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Norton, D.A.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. [Nationally Endangered]
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Lehmann, J.G.C. 1846–1848: Plantae Preissianae. Vol. 2. Meissner, Hamburg.
Øllgaard, B. 1987: A revised classification of Lycopodiaceae s. lat. Opera Botanica 92: 153–178.
Rothmaler, W. 1944: Pteridophyten-Studien, I. Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 54: 55–82.
Spring, A.F. 1849: Monographie de la famille des Lycopodiacées. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux-arts de Belgique 24: 1–358.