Nomenclature
Scientific Name:
Lycopodiella diffusa (R.Br.) B.Øllg., Opera Bot. 92: 176 (1987)
Synonymy:
  • Lycopodium diffusum R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 165 (1810)
  • Lycopodium laterale var. diffusum (R.Br.) Hook.f., Bot. Antarct. Voy. II (Fl. Nov.-Zel.) Part II, 54 (1854)
  • Lepidotis diffusa (R.Br.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 67 (1944)
  • Lateristachys diffusa (R.Br.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 441 (1983)
Lectotype (selected by Field 2020): Port del Esperance [Port de l’Esperance, Tasmania], R. Brown Iter Austral. No.130, BM 001038074!
  • = Lycopodium ramulosum Kirk, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 11: 456, t. 19b (1879)
  • Lateristachys ramulosa (Kirk) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 441 (1983)
  • Lycopodiella ramulosa (Kirk) B.Øllg., Opera Bot. 92: 176 (1987)
Lectotype (selected by Allan 1961): Hokitika, W. Tipler, WELT P004323/A-C!
Etymology:
From the Latin diffusus (diffuse, loosely spreading), a reference to the prostrate habit of this species.
Vernacular Name(s):
carpet clubmoss
 Description

Horizontal stems dichotomously branching, subterranean, 0.5–2.0 mm diameter, bearing roots at intervals; leaves widely spaced, spreading, narrowly ovate, adnate. Aerial stems prostrate or curving upwards at branch apices, dichotomously branching 1–5 times, glabrous; longest fertile aerial branching system 25–170 mm long, 20–250 mm wide. Sterile leaves monomorphic, spirally arranged, similar throughout, spreading or incurved, linear to narrowly ovate, apices acuminate, margins entire or minutely ciliate at apex, bases adnate, 2.5–6.0 mm long, 0.5–1.1 mm wide, dull green or tinged red-brown or purple-brown. Sporophylls appressed when young, spreading at maturity, ovate to broadly ovate, apices acuminate, margins ciliate, bases adnate, 2.2–3.5 mm long, 1.4–2 mm wide, aggregated into strobili. Strobili solitary, lateral or terminal on aerial stems, erect, sessile or on short leafy lateral branches up to 7 mm long, yellow-brown when young, chocolate-brown at maturity, 4–24 mm long, 1.5–6 mm wide.

 Recognition

Lycopodiella diffusa is distinguished from all other species of Lycopodiaceae in New Zealand, except L. lateralis, by its strobili usually being borne laterally on the aerial stems, and characteristically chocolate-brown at maturity. The aerial stems grow prostrate with only the ends of the branches upturned, branching dichotomously up to five times. In L. lateralis the aerial stems are held erect or scramble upwards, and are generally much longer than in L. diffusa (50–600 mm, cf. 25–170 mm tall). The leaves of L. diffusa are generally incurved, and slightly shorter and wider than in L. lateralis (2.5–6.0 mm long, 0.5–1.1 mm wide; cf. 3.5–9.0 mm long, 0.3–0.9 mm wide).

 Distribution

North Island: Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki.

South Island: Western Nelson, Sounds-Nelson, Westland, Southland, Fiordland.

Stewart Island, Chatham Islands, Auckland Islands.

Altitudinal range:  10–1350 m.

Lycopodiella diffusa is confined to montane and subalpine areas of the Gisborne, central North Island, Taranaki and Ruahine Ranges, occurring between 550 and 1350 m. In the South Island the species extends down the west coast from the Marlborough Sounds and north-west Nelson to Southland and Stewart Island. It ranges from 10 m near Whanganui Inlet, up to 870 m on the Heaphy Track at Mt Perry. It extends also to the Chatham Islands (CHR 187455, 417491; not recorded by de Lange et al. 2011) and Auckland Islands.

Also Australia (Tasmania).

 Habitat

Lycopodiella diffusa forms prostrate mats on pākihi or sandy soils, in mossy turf, on boggy ground, at the edge of tarns and on granite pavement, often with Juncus and Empodisma spp., or under Gleichenia, low mānuka, kānuka, epacrid or subalpine scrub.

 Biostatus
Indigenous (Non-endemic)
 Notes

Burnard et al. (2016) detected several haplotypes in Lycopodiella diffusa and L. lateralis, but they did not correspond to the two different morphologies. Three samples with L. lateralis morphology shared the haplotype found in L. diffusa. Whether this is evidence of hybridisation between the two taxa or a result of ancestral polymorphism is unclear. Their status needs further investigation.

 Bibliography
Brown, R. 1810: Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen. Johnson, London.
Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. 2020: Lycopodiaceae. In: Breitwieser, I.; Wilton, A.D. (ed.) Flora of New Zealand — Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle 27. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln.
Brownsey, P.J.; Smith-Dodsworth, J.C. 2000: New Zealand ferns and allied plants. Edition 2. David Bateman, Auckland.
Burnard, D.; Shepherd, L.; Perrie, L.; Munkacsi, A. 2016: Phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand Lycopodiaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 661–667.
de Lange, P.J.; Heenan, P.B.; Rolfe, J.R. 2011: Checklist of vascular plants recorded from Chathams Islands. Department of Conservation, Wellington Hawke's Bay Conservancy.
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.N.; Ford, K.A.; Breitwieser, I.; Schönberger, I.; Hindmarsh-Walls, R.; Heenan, P.B.; Ladley, K. 2018: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series. No. 22. [Not Threatened]
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Champion, P.D.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Norton, D.A.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. [Not Threatened]
Holub, J. 1983: Validation of generic names in Lycopodiaceae: with a description of a new genus Pseudolycopodiella. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 18: 439–442.
Hooker, J.D. 1854–1855: The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror, in the years 1839–1843, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae. Part II. Flowerless plants. Lovell Reeve, London.
Kirk, T. 1879: Description of a new species of Lycopodium. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 11: 456–457.
Øllgaard, B. 1987: A revised classification of Lycopodiaceae s. lat. Opera Botanica 92: 153–178.
Rothmaler, W. 1944: Pteridophyten-Studien, I. Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 54: 55–82.